Sonchus oleraceus L.
Common Sowthistle !!
BOTANICAL NAME: Sonchus oleraceus L.
FAMILY: Asteraceae
ENGLISH NAME: common sowthistle, sow thistle, smooth sow thistle, annual sow thistle, hare's colwort, hare's thistle, milky tassel, swinies
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: It is native to Asia, Australia, and Europe. The Latin name Sonchus refers to the hollow stem, while oleraceus refers to its good taste. The common name sow thistle refers to its attractiveness to swine, and the similarity of the leaf to younger thistle plants. The common name hare's thistle refers to its beneficial effects and attractiveness for hare and rabbits.
HABITAT DISTRIBUTION: Sonchus oleraceus can grow on most soil types. It prefers disturbed areas such as fields, pastures, gardens, roadsides, edges of yards, construction sites, waste areas (Pethybridge, 2005), farmland and recently burned fields (Grubben & Denton, 2004). It grows at altitudes of up to 2650m (Grubben & Denton, 2004). On Inaccessible Island S. oleraceus is recorded to occur on footpaths, landslides, depressions left by shifting boulders, old settlements/cultivations and rivers (Dean et al., 1994).
GEOGRAPHIC RANGE: 1) Native Range: Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
2) Introduced Range: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Falkland Islands, French Southern Territories, Greenland, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United States, Virgin Islands (USA).
CHARACTERISTICS: Prefers full sun, and can tolerate most soil conditions. The flowers are hermaphroditic, and common pollinators include bees and flies. It spreads by seeds being carried by wind or water. This plant is considered an invasive species in many parts of the world, where it is found mostly in disturbed areas.
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Sonchus oleraceus has hollow stems that exude latex (whitish milk) if damaged. It has a short taproot, and deeply lobed leaves. It can be distinguished from Sonchus asper and Sonchus hydrophilus in that they both have stiff and leathery leaves, mostly smooth achenes (fruit) with ribs that are scabrous (rough to the touch) or with hairs. Sonchus oleraceus however, has soft, thin leaves and wrinkled achenes, with ribs but without hooks.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:
>>Sonchus oleraceus is a dicotyledonous winter annual plant in the family Asteraceae.
>>leaves: It has a rosette morphology that produces all its leaves, followed by a terminal flowering bud. It has two types of mature leaves: rosette leaves grow in circles from a common centre close to the ground; cauline leaves grow on the upper part of the stem (Holm et al., 1977 in Cici et al., 2009). Leaves are thin and soft, measuring up to 35cm long and 12cm wide. Leaves are lanceolate to oblanceolate in shape, hairless and dark green in colour with pale white to purple veins (Pethybridge, 2005; Department of Primary Industries, 2010).
>>Stems are five angled and hollow and dark-green in colour (sometimes have a reddish-purple tinge), and emit a milky sap when cut. Plants can grow to 1m or greater in height (Cici et al., 2009).
>>Flowers are inflorescences (capitula), and are yellow and 5-6mm in diameter. Capitula are borne on stalks at the end of branches. Flowers open from 6am to 11am.
>>The fruit is an achene that is 2.5-4mm long and 1mm wide, compressed and obovoid in shape (Pethybridge, 2005).
>>Achenes have 3-5 ribs and are rugose in texture. Mature seeds have a white feathery pappus (5-8mm long), that collectively form a white puff ball similar to dandelion. A single plant can produce over 8,000 seeds (Chauhan et al., 2005) that are wind dispersed
NUTRITIVE VALUE: >>Green salad with carrot, cucumber, onion, Sonchus oleraceus leaves, and tomato slices.
>>Leaves are eaten as salad greens or cooked like spinach. This is one of the species used in Chinese cuisine as kŭcài. Blanching or boiling removes bitter flavour.
>>Nutritional analysis reveals 30 – 40 mg of vitamin C per 100g, 1.2% protein, 0.3% fat, 2.4% carbohydrate. Leaf dry weight analysis per 100g (likely to vary with growing conditions) shows: 45g Carbohydrate, 28g protein, 22g ash, 5.9g fibre, 4.5g fat; in all, providing 265 calories.
Minerals
Calcium: 1500 mg
Phosphorus: 500 mg
Iron: 45.6 mg
Magnesium: 0 mg
Sodium: 0 mg
Potassium: 0 mg
Zinc: 0 mg;
Vitamins
A: 35 mg
Thiamine (B1): 1.5 mg
Riboflavin (B2): 5 mg
Niacin: 5 mg
B6: 0 mg
C: 60 mg
GENERAL IMPACT: Annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) is a major problem as invaders of many crops, particularly of open vegetable fields. It is particularly problematic in winter crops and in tillage systems throughout southern Australia, South-East Queensland and Northern New South Wales. It uses valuable stored soil moisture during fallow periods, which reduces the yield of future crops (Widderick et al., 1999 in Widderick et al., 2010).
S. oleraceus is also an important alternative host of pests and diseases of crops (CSIRO, 2007). It is a known host of a wide range of viral diseases including watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). It is the host for the economically significant castor whitefly (Trialeurodes ricini), Bemisia whiteflies, cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera and the nematode Radopholus similis (Grubben & Denton, 2004). It is also likely to be an important host for downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), one of the worst diseases of lettuce which is an important vegetable crop worldwide (Vieira & Barreto, 2006).
USES: >>Sonchus oleraceus may have been used as a food source in the Mediterranean (Leonti et al. 2006).
>>It is also eaten in Africa, both cooked and raw. It is also used to treat a wide variety of infections, diseases and other medicinal uses.
>>A few examples include use as a sedative, a diuretic and to treat salmonella infection, anaemia, wars, eye problems, liver infections, and as a cure for opium addiction (Grubben & Denton, 2004).
>>Other uses include food for poultry, rabbits and fodder for cattle (Grubben & Denton, 2004). It has potential to be used as a trap crop for control of insect populations (Grubben & Denton, 2004).
CONTROL:This plant can often be controlled by mowing, because it does not regrow from root fragments. Attempts at weed control by herbicide, to the neglect of other methods, may have led to proliferation of this species in some environments.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION:>>Physical Control: Small or isolated populations of Sonchus oleraceus may be manually removed while plants are young, prior to seed set. The taproot must be removed, as resprouting can occur if left in the soil (Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 2000 in Guertin, 2003). Slashing is often ineffective as flowers continue to be produced (FloraBase, 2010). Minimal tillage of crops is recommended as this will maintain most of the seed bank close to the soil surface, which favours seed germination, enhances emergence and promotes seed decay and predation. If the seedlings are controlled effectively for a 6-12 month period, this type of control should greatly reduce the seed bank (Widderick et al., 2010). Mulching and soil sterilisation methods can complement other management efforts (Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 2000 in Guertin, 2003).
>>Grazing: Grazing of Sonchus spp. by cattle and sheep effectively suppresses infestations in pastures, and weakens plants allowing other control methods to be more effectively used (Zollinger & Parker, 1999 in Guertin, 2003). They also make excellent feed for livestock.
>>Chemical Control: For control of Sonchus spp. (asper and oleraceus), a pre-emergent herbicide containing isoxaben can be used, herbicidal soaps when the plants are young, or glyphosate when plants are mature. Zollinger and Parker (1999 in Guertin, 2003) recommend 2,4-D, clopyralid, dicamba, glyphosate, and picloram for control of Sonchus spp., while Rice (1992 in Guertin, 2003) 2,4-D, DCPA, diethatyl-ethyl, MCPA, amitrole, atrazine, bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, dichlorprop & 2,4-D, diuron, glyphosate, isoxaben (Snapshot), norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, Ornamental Herbicide II, napropamide, simazine and tebuthiuron.
Sonchus oleraceus has developed resistance to chlorsulfuron in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales (Adkins et al. 1997 in Chauhan et al. 2006) atrazine (CSIRO, 2007), and all lettuce (Lactuca sativa) herbicides (University of California Riverside, Undated in Guertin, 2003). A recent study carried out in California also found methyl bromide and alternative fumigants to be ineffective against S. oleraceus (Shrestha et al., 2009). Apparently spot spraying of Lontrel® 10ml/10L with a wetting agent can be used to control the plant, preferably at the rosette stage (FloraBase, 2010).
>>Biological Control: Biological agents are currently being researched as a possibility for managing S. oleraceus and other Sonchus species in Australia (CSIRO, 2007). Sonchus species have previously been the target of biological control in Canada (Peschekn, 1984 in CSIRO, 2007). Preliminary surveys for biological control agents have been made in southern France and northern Europe (Scott & Jourdan, 2005; Peschken, 1984). Currently the rust fungus Miyagia pseudosphaeria and an unidentified eriophyid mite species are two widespread organisms in Australia with potential for control. The CSIRO project will focus on determining the impact of these potential control agents on related native Australian species ( Sonchus hydrophilus and Actites megalocarp and on weedy S. oleraceus and S. asper (CSIRO, 2007).
SOURCES:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonchus_oleraceus
# http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1451
# http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SOOL
# http://www.iewf.org/weedid/Sonchus_oleraceus.htm
# http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/WEEDS/annual_sowthistle.html
# http://www.survivalplantsmemorycourse.com/2013/04/sonchus-oleraceus-sow-thistle/
# http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state&s&ibra=all&card=H73
# http://healingweeds.blogspot.in/2013/03/sow-thistle.html
# http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-medical-uses-of-sonchus-oleraceus.htm
# http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/s/sonchus-oleraceus=sow-thistle.php
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonchus
BOTANICAL NAME: Sonchus oleraceus L.
FAMILY: Asteraceae
ENGLISH NAME: common sowthistle, sow thistle, smooth sow thistle, annual sow thistle, hare's colwort, hare's thistle, milky tassel, swinies
GENERAL DESCRIPTION: It is native to Asia, Australia, and Europe. The Latin name Sonchus refers to the hollow stem, while oleraceus refers to its good taste. The common name sow thistle refers to its attractiveness to swine, and the similarity of the leaf to younger thistle plants. The common name hare's thistle refers to its beneficial effects and attractiveness for hare and rabbits.
HABITAT DISTRIBUTION: Sonchus oleraceus can grow on most soil types. It prefers disturbed areas such as fields, pastures, gardens, roadsides, edges of yards, construction sites, waste areas (Pethybridge, 2005), farmland and recently burned fields (Grubben & Denton, 2004). It grows at altitudes of up to 2650m (Grubben & Denton, 2004). On Inaccessible Island S. oleraceus is recorded to occur on footpaths, landslides, depressions left by shifting boulders, old settlements/cultivations and rivers (Dean et al., 1994).
GEOGRAPHIC RANGE: 1) Native Range: Europe, Asia and northern Africa.
2) Introduced Range: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Falkland Islands, French Southern Territories, Greenland, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, United States, Virgin Islands (USA).
CHARACTERISTICS: Prefers full sun, and can tolerate most soil conditions. The flowers are hermaphroditic, and common pollinators include bees and flies. It spreads by seeds being carried by wind or water. This plant is considered an invasive species in many parts of the world, where it is found mostly in disturbed areas.
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS: Sonchus oleraceus has hollow stems that exude latex (whitish milk) if damaged. It has a short taproot, and deeply lobed leaves. It can be distinguished from Sonchus asper and Sonchus hydrophilus in that they both have stiff and leathery leaves, mostly smooth achenes (fruit) with ribs that are scabrous (rough to the touch) or with hairs. Sonchus oleraceus however, has soft, thin leaves and wrinkled achenes, with ribs but without hooks.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION:
>>Sonchus oleraceus is a dicotyledonous winter annual plant in the family Asteraceae.
>>leaves: It has a rosette morphology that produces all its leaves, followed by a terminal flowering bud. It has two types of mature leaves: rosette leaves grow in circles from a common centre close to the ground; cauline leaves grow on the upper part of the stem (Holm et al., 1977 in Cici et al., 2009). Leaves are thin and soft, measuring up to 35cm long and 12cm wide. Leaves are lanceolate to oblanceolate in shape, hairless and dark green in colour with pale white to purple veins (Pethybridge, 2005; Department of Primary Industries, 2010).
>>Stems are five angled and hollow and dark-green in colour (sometimes have a reddish-purple tinge), and emit a milky sap when cut. Plants can grow to 1m or greater in height (Cici et al., 2009).
>>Flowers are inflorescences (capitula), and are yellow and 5-6mm in diameter. Capitula are borne on stalks at the end of branches. Flowers open from 6am to 11am.
>>The fruit is an achene that is 2.5-4mm long and 1mm wide, compressed and obovoid in shape (Pethybridge, 2005).
>>Achenes have 3-5 ribs and are rugose in texture. Mature seeds have a white feathery pappus (5-8mm long), that collectively form a white puff ball similar to dandelion. A single plant can produce over 8,000 seeds (Chauhan et al., 2005) that are wind dispersed
NUTRITIVE VALUE: >>Green salad with carrot, cucumber, onion, Sonchus oleraceus leaves, and tomato slices.
>>Leaves are eaten as salad greens or cooked like spinach. This is one of the species used in Chinese cuisine as kŭcài. Blanching or boiling removes bitter flavour.
>>Nutritional analysis reveals 30 – 40 mg of vitamin C per 100g, 1.2% protein, 0.3% fat, 2.4% carbohydrate. Leaf dry weight analysis per 100g (likely to vary with growing conditions) shows: 45g Carbohydrate, 28g protein, 22g ash, 5.9g fibre, 4.5g fat; in all, providing 265 calories.
Minerals
Calcium: 1500 mg
Phosphorus: 500 mg
Iron: 45.6 mg
Magnesium: 0 mg
Sodium: 0 mg
Potassium: 0 mg
Zinc: 0 mg;
Vitamins
A: 35 mg
Thiamine (B1): 1.5 mg
Riboflavin (B2): 5 mg
Niacin: 5 mg
B6: 0 mg
C: 60 mg
GENERAL IMPACT: Annual sowthistle (Sonchus oleraceus) is a major problem as invaders of many crops, particularly of open vegetable fields. It is particularly problematic in winter crops and in tillage systems throughout southern Australia, South-East Queensland and Northern New South Wales. It uses valuable stored soil moisture during fallow periods, which reduces the yield of future crops (Widderick et al., 1999 in Widderick et al., 2010).
S. oleraceus is also an important alternative host of pests and diseases of crops (CSIRO, 2007). It is a known host of a wide range of viral diseases including watermelon mosaic virus (WMV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV). It is the host for the economically significant castor whitefly (Trialeurodes ricini), Bemisia whiteflies, cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera and the nematode Radopholus similis (Grubben & Denton, 2004). It is also likely to be an important host for downy mildew (Bremia lactucae), one of the worst diseases of lettuce which is an important vegetable crop worldwide (Vieira & Barreto, 2006).
USES: >>Sonchus oleraceus may have been used as a food source in the Mediterranean (Leonti et al. 2006).
>>It is also eaten in Africa, both cooked and raw. It is also used to treat a wide variety of infections, diseases and other medicinal uses.
>>A few examples include use as a sedative, a diuretic and to treat salmonella infection, anaemia, wars, eye problems, liver infections, and as a cure for opium addiction (Grubben & Denton, 2004).
>>Other uses include food for poultry, rabbits and fodder for cattle (Grubben & Denton, 2004). It has potential to be used as a trap crop for control of insect populations (Grubben & Denton, 2004).
CONTROL:This plant can often be controlled by mowing, because it does not regrow from root fragments. Attempts at weed control by herbicide, to the neglect of other methods, may have led to proliferation of this species in some environments.
MANAGEMENT INFORMATION:>>Physical Control: Small or isolated populations of Sonchus oleraceus may be manually removed while plants are young, prior to seed set. The taproot must be removed, as resprouting can occur if left in the soil (Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 2000 in Guertin, 2003). Slashing is often ineffective as flowers continue to be produced (FloraBase, 2010). Minimal tillage of crops is recommended as this will maintain most of the seed bank close to the soil surface, which favours seed germination, enhances emergence and promotes seed decay and predation. If the seedlings are controlled effectively for a 6-12 month period, this type of control should greatly reduce the seed bank (Widderick et al., 2010). Mulching and soil sterilisation methods can complement other management efforts (Elkhorn Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve, 2000 in Guertin, 2003).
>>Grazing: Grazing of Sonchus spp. by cattle and sheep effectively suppresses infestations in pastures, and weakens plants allowing other control methods to be more effectively used (Zollinger & Parker, 1999 in Guertin, 2003). They also make excellent feed for livestock.
>>Chemical Control: For control of Sonchus spp. (asper and oleraceus), a pre-emergent herbicide containing isoxaben can be used, herbicidal soaps when the plants are young, or glyphosate when plants are mature. Zollinger and Parker (1999 in Guertin, 2003) recommend 2,4-D, clopyralid, dicamba, glyphosate, and picloram for control of Sonchus spp., while Rice (1992 in Guertin, 2003) 2,4-D, DCPA, diethatyl-ethyl, MCPA, amitrole, atrazine, bromoxynil, chlorsulfuron, dicamba, dichlorprop & 2,4-D, diuron, glyphosate, isoxaben (Snapshot), norflurazon, oryzalin, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, Ornamental Herbicide II, napropamide, simazine and tebuthiuron.
Sonchus oleraceus has developed resistance to chlorsulfuron in southern Queensland and northern New South Wales (Adkins et al. 1997 in Chauhan et al. 2006) atrazine (CSIRO, 2007), and all lettuce (Lactuca sativa) herbicides (University of California Riverside, Undated in Guertin, 2003). A recent study carried out in California also found methyl bromide and alternative fumigants to be ineffective against S. oleraceus (Shrestha et al., 2009). Apparently spot spraying of Lontrel® 10ml/10L with a wetting agent can be used to control the plant, preferably at the rosette stage (FloraBase, 2010).
>>Biological Control: Biological agents are currently being researched as a possibility for managing S. oleraceus and other Sonchus species in Australia (CSIRO, 2007). Sonchus species have previously been the target of biological control in Canada (Peschekn, 1984 in CSIRO, 2007). Preliminary surveys for biological control agents have been made in southern France and northern Europe (Scott & Jourdan, 2005; Peschken, 1984). Currently the rust fungus Miyagia pseudosphaeria and an unidentified eriophyid mite species are two widespread organisms in Australia with potential for control. The CSIRO project will focus on determining the impact of these potential control agents on related native Australian species ( Sonchus hydrophilus and Actites megalocarp and on weedy S. oleraceus and S. asper (CSIRO, 2007).
SOURCES:
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonchus_oleraceus
# http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=1451
# http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SOOL
# http://www.iewf.org/weedid/Sonchus_oleraceus.htm
# http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/WEEDS/annual_sowthistle.html
# http://www.survivalplantsmemorycourse.com/2013/04/sonchus-oleraceus-sow-thistle/
# http://www.weeds.org.au/cgi-bin/weedident.cgi?tpl=plant.tpl&state&s&ibra=all&card=H73
# http://healingweeds.blogspot.in/2013/03/sow-thistle.html
# http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-medical-uses-of-sonchus-oleraceus.htm
# http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/s/sonchus-oleraceus=sow-thistle.php
# http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonchus
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