Trianthema portulacastrum L.
Desert Horse purslane !!
BOTANICAL NAMES: Trianthema portulacastrum L.
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (ice plant family)
COMMON NAMES : Horse purslane, carpet weed, Santhi, patharchatta
SYNONYMOUS NAMES : Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.,
Trianthema monogyna Linn.,
BOTANICAL NAMES: Trianthema portulacastrum L.
FAMILY: Aizoaceae (ice plant family)
COMMON NAMES : Horse purslane, carpet weed, Santhi, patharchatta
SYNONYMOUS NAMES : Trianthema portulacastrum Linn.,
Trianthema monogyna Linn.,
Portulaca toston Blanco,
Portulaca axilliflora Blanco
ECOLOGY and DISTRIBUTION:
Portulaca axilliflora Blanco
ECOLOGY and DISTRIBUTION:
T. portulacastrum is cosmopolitan, with no known centre of origin and widespread in Southeast Asia, tropical America and Africa. Common from sea level, in the sandy and muddy coastal zones, up to near 800 m. In India, both red and green biotypes grow best under partial shade and thrive in neutral to alkaline soils that are low in organic matter.
HABIT:
HABIT:
Rather fleshy plant, prostrate to erect and very branched, developing in mats.
BIOLOGY:
BIOLOGY:
Horse purslane is an annual or perennial species. It propagates by seeds and by fragments of stem which propagate from cuttings very easily. Two biotypes of T. portulacastrum occur in India. Typical description refers to red biotypes that form larger plants and reddish stems with long internodes; and green and smaller type, with shorter internodes, flowers with green bracts and pods, and white sepals. The red type is more abundant, but the green one appears earlier in the season.
BOTANICAL DESCIPTION:>>Roots-Taproot.
>>Stem- Cylindrical, full, fleshy, finely pubescent on the face exposed to the light. Stems can achieve until 1 m of length. It is often tinged of purple. The ramifications are in the axils of the small leaves of every pair.
>>Leaves- Simple, opposite with petiole expanded at the base. Stipules interpetiolar surmounted of a great tooth in the middle. The pair of leaves is very unequal in size. The great one long from 2 to 4,5cm and wide from 1 to 3,5cm, is carried by a petiole from 1 to 2cm. Its lamina is elliptic to obovate, with the tip very broadly rounded, base acute and shortly decurrent on the upper part of the petiole. Margin is entire and slightly wavy. The small leaf is almost sessile, more or less with elliptic shape. Faces are hairless, except for the minutely papillate-denticulate margins.
>>Inflorescence- Solitary flowers, sessile, in the armpit of the small leaves and more or less inclusive in the petiolar sheath. Calyx with 5 sepals ovals to lanceolated. Corolla simple, with 5 white petals and pink-purple inside, lengths from 3 to 5mm, presenting a dorsal mucro sub apical. 15 - 20 stamens inserted at the top of the calyx tube.
>>Fruit- Capsule dehiscent, from 4 to 5mm in length, with a single awn at the tip, opening around the middle, containing 2 to 8 seeds.
>>Seeds- Kidney-shaped, in spiral ended by a beak, 2mm in diameter. The tegument is tuberculate, reddish, brown to black.
>>Seedling- Cotyledons elliptic lanceolated, petioled, of uneven size, a from 12 to 16mm in length and 3 to 4mm wide, the other one from 10 to 12mm in length and 2 to 3mm wide, hairless and fleshy.
First leaves are opposite, simple, presenting the peculiarity to have a small leaf in front of a big one, in alternation. The petiole is brief, expanded at the base. The lamina is elliptic rounded, hairless, fleshy. An interpetiolar stipule decorated in the middle of an expansion acuminated from the second pair of leaves.
NUISANCE : It occurs in cultivation fields, waste places, roadsides, lawns and gardens. Occasionally, it is found in perennial crops and pastures. It is common in India in upland rice and in vegetable farming’s.
DAIGNOSTIC FEATURES:
>>Horse purslane is an annual fleshy plant, prostrate to weakly raised, with numerous basal ramifications. It can reach 30 in 50cm in height.
>>The stem is finely hairy on faces exposed to the light.Leaves are simple, entire but of uneven size (a great in front of a small one).
>>Twigs and flowers develop always in the base of the small one.
>>The lamina is ovate and fleshy.
>>Flowers are solitary, sessile and with star shape, white to pale pink and very small.
>>Fruits are small capsules; seeds kidney-shaped, brown to black.
WEED CONTROL:
-> Cultural- It may be difficult to control by tillage because of ready regrowth from cut stems.
-> Biological- Gibbago trianthemae, the causal agent of leaf spot on T. portulacastrum, was isolated from diseased plants collected in Texas, USA. Plants sprayed with conidia were killed within 9 days. In host-range studies, the fungus was pathogenic only to T. portulacastrum. This fungus may be a useful agent for the biological control of this species.
-> Chemical- Propanil at 2 kg ha-1 applied two weeks after rice emergence or application of 2_4-D at 500 g/ha or Almix at 4g/ha.
CONSTITUENTS:• Root contains a glucoside with saponin-like properties.
• Methanolic extract of leaves yielded carbohydrates, protein, volatile oils, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids.
PROPERTIES:• Roots considered emmenagogue and cathartic; abortive in large doses.
• Pls utilized
Roots considered lithotriptic, diuretic, analgesic, stomachic, laxative and alterative.
• Roots are sweet when fresh. Others report it as bitter and nauseous.
PART USES:
>>Edibility
• Eaten as a leafy vegetable.
• Good source of iron and calcium; an excellent source of phosphorus.
>>Folkloric
• Roots used as emmenagogue in ammenorhea; abortive in large doses.
• Powdered roots with ginger is cathartic and irritant.
• Infusion used for constipation, jaundice, strangury, dropsy, asthma.
• Root applied to the eye to treat corneal itching, inflammation and decreasing vision.
• Herb decoction used as vermifuge and for rheumatism.
• Herb decoction used as vermifuge and for rheumatism. Also used as antidote for alcoholic poisoning.
• In Nigeria, leaves are considered diuretic; used for treatment of edema, strangury, and dropsy. Old leaves are used in treatment of gonorrhea.
• In the Gold Coast, plant applied as wound dressing or as poultice.
• In India, used for edema of the liver and spleen, uteralgia and cough. Plant is considered lithotriptic for the kidney and bladder. Also used as diuretic.
RESOURCES:
>>http://idao.cirad.fr/content/oscar/especes/t/trtpo/trtpo.html#Ecology and distribution
>> http://stuartxchange.com/Toston.html
>> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianthema_portulacastrum
>> http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-83582013000300011&script=sci_arttext
>> http://www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2483/trianthema-portulacastrum-desert-horsepurslane/
>>http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Trianthema%20portulacastrum_En.htm
>>http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Desert%20Horse%20Purslane.html
>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459455/
BOTANICAL DESCIPTION:>>Roots-Taproot.
>>Stem- Cylindrical, full, fleshy, finely pubescent on the face exposed to the light. Stems can achieve until 1 m of length. It is often tinged of purple. The ramifications are in the axils of the small leaves of every pair.
>>Leaves- Simple, opposite with petiole expanded at the base. Stipules interpetiolar surmounted of a great tooth in the middle. The pair of leaves is very unequal in size. The great one long from 2 to 4,5cm and wide from 1 to 3,5cm, is carried by a petiole from 1 to 2cm. Its lamina is elliptic to obovate, with the tip very broadly rounded, base acute and shortly decurrent on the upper part of the petiole. Margin is entire and slightly wavy. The small leaf is almost sessile, more or less with elliptic shape. Faces are hairless, except for the minutely papillate-denticulate margins.
>>Inflorescence- Solitary flowers, sessile, in the armpit of the small leaves and more or less inclusive in the petiolar sheath. Calyx with 5 sepals ovals to lanceolated. Corolla simple, with 5 white petals and pink-purple inside, lengths from 3 to 5mm, presenting a dorsal mucro sub apical. 15 - 20 stamens inserted at the top of the calyx tube.
>>Fruit- Capsule dehiscent, from 4 to 5mm in length, with a single awn at the tip, opening around the middle, containing 2 to 8 seeds.
>>Seeds- Kidney-shaped, in spiral ended by a beak, 2mm in diameter. The tegument is tuberculate, reddish, brown to black.
>>Seedling- Cotyledons elliptic lanceolated, petioled, of uneven size, a from 12 to 16mm in length and 3 to 4mm wide, the other one from 10 to 12mm in length and 2 to 3mm wide, hairless and fleshy.
First leaves are opposite, simple, presenting the peculiarity to have a small leaf in front of a big one, in alternation. The petiole is brief, expanded at the base. The lamina is elliptic rounded, hairless, fleshy. An interpetiolar stipule decorated in the middle of an expansion acuminated from the second pair of leaves.
NUISANCE : It occurs in cultivation fields, waste places, roadsides, lawns and gardens. Occasionally, it is found in perennial crops and pastures. It is common in India in upland rice and in vegetable farming’s.
DAIGNOSTIC FEATURES:
>>Horse purslane is an annual fleshy plant, prostrate to weakly raised, with numerous basal ramifications. It can reach 30 in 50cm in height.
>>The stem is finely hairy on faces exposed to the light.Leaves are simple, entire but of uneven size (a great in front of a small one).
>>Twigs and flowers develop always in the base of the small one.
>>The lamina is ovate and fleshy.
>>Flowers are solitary, sessile and with star shape, white to pale pink and very small.
>>Fruits are small capsules; seeds kidney-shaped, brown to black.
WEED CONTROL:
-> Cultural- It may be difficult to control by tillage because of ready regrowth from cut stems.
-> Biological- Gibbago trianthemae, the causal agent of leaf spot on T. portulacastrum, was isolated from diseased plants collected in Texas, USA. Plants sprayed with conidia were killed within 9 days. In host-range studies, the fungus was pathogenic only to T. portulacastrum. This fungus may be a useful agent for the biological control of this species.
-> Chemical- Propanil at 2 kg ha-1 applied two weeks after rice emergence or application of 2_4-D at 500 g/ha or Almix at 4g/ha.
CONSTITUENTS:• Root contains a glucoside with saponin-like properties.
• Methanolic extract of leaves yielded carbohydrates, protein, volatile oils, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids.
PROPERTIES:• Roots considered emmenagogue and cathartic; abortive in large doses.
• Pls utilized
Roots considered lithotriptic, diuretic, analgesic, stomachic, laxative and alterative.
• Roots are sweet when fresh. Others report it as bitter and nauseous.
PART USES:
>>Edibility
• Eaten as a leafy vegetable.
• Good source of iron and calcium; an excellent source of phosphorus.
>>Folkloric
• Roots used as emmenagogue in ammenorhea; abortive in large doses.
• Powdered roots with ginger is cathartic and irritant.
• Infusion used for constipation, jaundice, strangury, dropsy, asthma.
• Root applied to the eye to treat corneal itching, inflammation and decreasing vision.
• Herb decoction used as vermifuge and for rheumatism.
• Herb decoction used as vermifuge and for rheumatism. Also used as antidote for alcoholic poisoning.
• In Nigeria, leaves are considered diuretic; used for treatment of edema, strangury, and dropsy. Old leaves are used in treatment of gonorrhea.
• In the Gold Coast, plant applied as wound dressing or as poultice.
• In India, used for edema of the liver and spleen, uteralgia and cough. Plant is considered lithotriptic for the kidney and bladder. Also used as diuretic.
RESOURCES:
>>http://idao.cirad.fr/content/oscar/especes/t/trtpo/trtpo.html#Ecology and distribution
>> http://stuartxchange.com/Toston.html
>> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trianthema_portulacastrum
>> http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0100-83582013000300011&script=sci_arttext
>> http://www.fireflyforest.com/flowers/2483/trianthema-portulacastrum-desert-horsepurslane/
>>http://database.prota.org/PROTAhtml/Trianthema%20portulacastrum_En.htm
>>http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Desert%20Horse%20Purslane.html
>> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3459455/
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